Για τους ορεξάτους...

[Gebreselassie]

Μιας και δεν θυμάμαι να έχει ξαναμπεί και επί της ευκαιρίας δυό τριών αργιών (κι ενός ΣΚ), αυτές τις μέρες διαβάστε ένα παλιό βιβλίο (ή παλιοβιβλίο) του γνωστού Ben Duncan (λατρεία του Κόγια "happy_1"), το "High Performance Audio Power Amplifiers". Δεν είναι μεγάλο, ούτε 500 σελίδες δεν είναι (480) :happy_9:, είναι σε απλά αγγλικά και αγγίζει περίπου 1.000.000 θέματα (και κάτι ψιλά). Στο τέλος υπάρχει επαρκής επεξήγηση 550 όρων.

Του χρόνου θα έχουμε διαγώνισμα (πουλάω τα sos). :happy_4:

...

 

[Gebreselassie]

- Ιδού και τα περιεχόμενα:
1 Introduction and fundamentals
1.0. What are audio power amplifiers for ?
1.1 What is the problem ?
1.2 What is audio ?
1.3 What’s special about audio ?
1.4 The ramifications of quality on audio
1.5 Some different aims of sound reproduction
1.6 About people and their hearing
1.7 Limits of a ‘objectivity’. Why listen ?
1.8 Why are power amplifiers needed for audio ?
1.9 Music fundamentals
1.10 Adjectives that describe sound
1.10.1 Tonal qualities
1.10.2 Broader tonal descriptors
1.10.3 General sonic adjectives
1.10.4 Dynamics
1.10.5 Space
1.10.6 Botheration or Abomination
1.11 Nature and range of music (alias programme)
1.12 Bass and subsonic content
1.13 HF dynamics and ultrasonic content
References and Further reading
2 Overview of Global Requirements 19
2.1 Common formats for power amps
2.2 Loudspeakers
2.2.1 Loudspeaker drive-unit basics
2.2.2 Loudspeaker sensitivity vs. efficiency
2.2.3 Loudspeaker enclosure types and efficiencies
2.2.4 Loudspeaker configurations: a résumé
2.3 The interrelation of components
2.3.1 What loudspeakers look like to the amplifier
2.3.2 What speakers are looking for
2.3.3 What passive crossovers look like to amplifiers
2.4 Behaviour of power amps as voltage sources
2.4.1 Drive-unit power ratings after EIA/AES
2.4.2 Output power capability requirements
2.4.3 Loudspeaker vulnerabilities
2.4.4 High power, the professional rationale
2.4.5 Active systems, power delivery requirements
2.5 Current delivery requirements
2.5.1 The low impedance route
References and Further reading
vi
3 The input port – Interfacing and processing 49
3.1 The Input
3.1.1 Input sensitivity and gain requirements
3.1.2 Input impedance (Zin)
3.2 RF filtration
3.3 The balanced input
3.3.1 Balancing requirements
3.3.2 Introducing Common Mode Rejection
3.4 Sub-sonic protection and high-pass filtering
3.4.1 Direct Coupling
3.5 Damage protection
3.6 What are process functions?
3.6.1 Common gain control (panel attenuator)
3.6.2 Remotable gain controls (machine control)
3.6.3 Remote control considerations
3.6.4 Compression and limiting
3.6.5 Clipping (overload) considerations
3.6.6 Clip prevention
3.6.7 Soft-Clip
3.7 Computer control
References and Further reading
4 Topologies, classes and modes 83
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 About topologies
4.2 Germanium and early junctions
4.2.1 Out of the vacuum-state
4.2.2 Push-pull, Transformer-coupled
4.2.3 Sub-topology: the Darlington
4.2.4 Transformerless push-pull (transistor OTL)
4.2.5 Sub-topology: diode biasing
4.2.6 Complementary push-pull OTL
4.1.8 Quasi complementarity: the faked match
4.1.9 Sub-topology: paralleling
4.3 Silicon transistors
4.3.1 The Lin topology
4.3.2 Sub-topology: the long-tailed pair (LTP)
4.3.3 Sub-topology: the Vbe multiplier (VbeX]
4.3.4 Sub-topology: the triple (compound BJT)
4.3.5 Sub topology: Dual supplies (+/–Vs)
4.3.6 Sons of Lin
4.4 True symmetry: the sequel
4.4.1 Later topologies
4.4.2 IC power
4.4.3 The Op-Amp topologies
4.4.4 Power cascades and cascades
4.5 Introducing bridging
4.5.1 Bridging the bridge
4.6 Class-ification
4.6.1 Class A
vii
4.6.2 Class A alternatives
4.6.3 Class A sliding bias and ‘Ð-mode’
4.6.4 ‘Super Class A’
4.6.5 Dynamic biasing and Stasis
4.6.6 Sustained plateau biasing
4.6.7 Class B and A-B
4.6.8 Class A-B, developments and ameliorations
4.7 Introducing higher classes
4.7.1 Class G
4.7.2 Class H
4.7.3 G and H, the comparison
4.8 Beyond analogue
4.8.1 Class D
4.8.2 ‘Digital’ amplification
4.9 Class summary
4.10 Introducing modes of control
4.10.1 Negative feedback modes
4.10.2 Other Error Correction Modes
4.11 Conclusions
References and Further reading
5 Features of the power stage
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Operating with high voltages
5.1.2 Operating with high currents
5.2 Power devices
5.2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
5.2.2 MOSFETs (enhancement-mode power FETs)
5.2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT)
5.3 Recognising large signals
5.3.1 The slew limit
5.4 RF stability
5.4.1 Power stage, critical layout requirements
5.4.2 Critical nodes
5.5 V&I limits on output, the context
5.5.1 V-I output capability
5.5.2 V-I output limiting (adverse load protection)
5.5.3 Mapping V-I capability
5.5.4 Audio protection, by fuse
5.6 Clip indication – external relations
5.6.1 Overdrive behaviour – internal relations
5.6.2 Output stability and the output network (OPN)
5.6.3 RF protection
5.7 DC offset, at output
5.7.1 DC (Fault) protection (DCP, DCFP)
5.8 The output interface
5.8.1 Muting systems
5.9 Output stage, cooling requirements
5.9.1 Heat exchange
5.9.2 Thermal protection
viii
5.10 Logical systems
5.11 Output transformers
References and Further reading
6 The power supply
6.1 Mains frequency (50/60Hz) supplies
6.1.1 50/60Hz EMI considerations
6.1.2 Surge handling
6.1.3 Actively-adaptive 50/60Hz PSU
6.1.4 Regulated 50/60Hz ‘passive’ supplies
6.2 Supply amongst channels
6.2.1 Bridge benefits
6.2.2 Operation with 3 Phase AC
6.3 Pulse-width power (PWM PSU)
6.3.1 HF power supplies (SMPS, HF switchers)
6.3.2 Resonant power
6.3.3 The higher adaptive PSUs
6.3.4 HF switching summary
6.4 Power supply (PSU) efficiency round-up
6.4.1 Amplifier efficiency summary
6.5 Power supply fusing
References and Further reading
7 Specifications and testing
7.1 Why specifications?
7.1.1 Types of spec.
7.1.2 Standards for audio power amps
7.2 Why test things ?
7.2.1 Test tools and orientation
7.2.2 Realtime test signals
7.2.3 The test equipment revolution
7.3 Physical environment
7.3.1 Mains measurement and conditioning
7.3.2 Power amplifier preconditioning
7.3.3 The test load
7.4 Frequency response (Bandwidth, BW)
7.4.1 Gain and balance
7.4.2 Output impedance (Zo)
7.4.3 Damping factor
7.4.4 Phase response
7.5 Introducing noise
7.5.1 Noise spectra
7.5.2 Breakthrough and crosstalk (channel separation)
7.5.3 Understanding CMR measurements
7.5.4 Measuring CMR
7.6 Input impedance (Zin)
7.7 Introducing harmonic distortion
7.7.1 Harmonics: the musical context
7.7.2 Harmonic distortion (THD, %THD+N)
7.7.3 Individual harmonic analysis (IHA)
ix
7.7.4 Intermodulation (% IMD, Intermod)
7.7.5 Dynamic intermodulation (% DIM 30/100)
7.7.6 Sundry intermodulation checks
7.7.7 Other distortion tests
7.8 Power output (Po)
7.8.1 Output voltage capability (Vo rms, MOL)
7.8.2 Dynamic output capability
7.8.3 Clipping symmetry
7.8.4 Dynamic range
7.9 Dynamic tests
7.9.1 Rise time (small signal attack)
7.9.2 Slew limit (slew rate, large signal attack)
7.9.3 Transient response (impulse response)
7.9.4 Peak output current capability
References and Further reading
8 Real world testing – rationale and procedures
8.1 Scope and why essential
8.2 Listening
8.3 Operable mains range
8.3.1 Inrush current
8.3.2 Soft start
8.3.3 Mains current draw
8.4 Signal present indication and metering
8.4.1 Clip indication
8.5 DC at the input
8.5.1 RF at input
8.5.2 Large signals at input
8.6 Output DC offset (output offset, Voos)
8.6.1 RF at output
8.6.2 Adverse loads
8.6.3 Adverse load proving
8.6.4 Adverse loads, low loads and shorting
8.6.5 Adverse loads, reactive
8.6.6 Hard drive testing
8.7 Thermal protection and monitoring
8.8 Muting behaviour
8.8.1 Acoustic noise
8.9 EMI and EMC
References and Further reading
9 Choice, application installation and set-up
9.1 Manufactured goods, a résumé
9.1.1 Choosing the right power amp, domestic
9.1.2 Choosing the right power amp, for pro users
9.2 Howlers
9.3 AC mains voltage
9.3.1 Safety earthing
9.3.2 Mains cabling
9.3.3 Power factor correction
x
9.3.4 Mains fuses and breakers
9.3.5 AC mains connectors, amplifier end
9.3.6 AC mains connectors, the power-end
9.3.7 Mains wiring practice, domestic and studio
9.4 Input connections
9.4.1 Balanced polarity and shielding
9.4.2 Quasi balanced (unbal-to-bal)
9.4.3 Input cabling
9.5 Output connections
9.5.1 Speaker cabling
9.5.2 Impedance setting
9.5.3 Output polarity
9.6 Placement and fitment
9.6.1 Cooling airflow conventions
9.6.2 Cooling and air pollution
9.7 The 1 to 5 of prudent amplifier use
9.7.1 System back-end troubleshooting
References and Further reading
10 Maintenance and surgery
10.1 Classifying failures
10.2 Problem solving procedures
10.3 Universal repair procedures
10.4 Repair tools and equipment
10.4.1 Useful tools
10.4.2 Test powering tools
10.4.3 Audio test tools
10.5 Testing components
10.5.1 Testing BJTs (bipolar transistors)
10.5.2 Testing MOSFETs
10.5.3 Testing diodes, zeners and LEDs
10.6 Scope traces
References and Further reading
Useful addresses for maintenance

 

[Yianni6]

Thanks file!!!! Δεν φαντάζεσαι πόσο βοηθάς!!! Είμαι φοιτητής και έχω πάρει project για audio ενισχυτές. Το καλύτερο δώρο για τις γιορτές!!!!

 

[Gebreselassie]

Να' σαι καλά. Καλή συνέχεια στο project σου και καλές γιορτές!

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[Μιχαλης Σπερτος]

Thanks file!!!! Δεν φαντάζεσαι πόσο βοηθάς!!! Είμαι φοιτητής και έχω πάρει project για audio ενισχυτές. Το καλύτερο δώρο για τις γιορτές!!!!

Yianni6 εαν μενεις Αθηνα και προαστια, παρε με ενα τηλεφωνο στο 210 5810 029 για μια ενδιαφερουσα προοπτικη.

 

[NPER]

Νικ many thanks :cool_4: φαίνεται πολύ ενδιαφέρον. Χρόνια πολλά κιόλα....

 

[Gebreselassie]

Χρόνια Πολλά Νικόλα!